A centrifugal pump is a mechanical device designed to move fluids by converting rotational kinetic energy from an impeller into hydrodynamic energy. It is one of the most common types of pumps used in industries, agriculture, water supply, and chemical processing.
Impeller Rotation – The pump’s motor spins an impeller (a wheel with curved vanes) inside the pump casing.
Centrifugal Force – As the impeller rotates, it flings the fluid outward due to centrifugal force, creating a low-pressure zone at the center (eye of the impeller).
Fluid Entry – More fluid is drawn in through the suction inlet to replace the displaced liquid.
Pressure Build-Up – The high-speed fluid moves through the volute casing (or diffuser), where its kinetic energy is converted into pressure energy.
Discharge – The pressurized fluid exits through the discharge outlet.
Impeller – Rotating component that transfers energy to the fluid.
Casing (Volute/Diffuser) – Encases the impeller and directs flow while increasing pressure.
Shaft – Connects the impeller to the motor.
Bearings – Support the shaft and reduce friction.
Seals (Mechanical/Gland Packing) – Prevent leakage where the shaft enters the casing.
Suction & Discharge Nozzles – Inlet for fluid entry and outlet for pressurized flow.
Single-Stage Pump – One impeller, used for low-pressure applications.
Multi-Stage Pump – Multiple impellers for higher pressure (e.g., boiler feed pumps).
Axial Flow Pump – Fluid moves parallel to the shaft (high flow, low pressure).
Radial Flow Pump – Fluid moves perpendicular to the shaft (high pressure).
Mixed Flow Pump – Combination of axial and radial flow.
✔ Simple design, easy maintenance
✔ Smooth, continuous flow with no pulsations
✔ Handles large volumes of liquids
✔ Suitable for low-viscosity fluids (water, oils, chemicals)
✖ Not self-priming (must be filled with liquid before starting)
✖ Less efficient with viscous or abrasive fluids
✖ Performance drops with high suction lift
Water supply & irrigation
Oil refineries & chemical plants
HVAC systems
Firefighting systems
Wastewater treatment
Head (Pressure) – Height the pump can lift fluid.
Flow Rate – Volume of fluid moved per unit time.
Efficiency – Ratio of hydraulic power output to mechanical input.
NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) – Prevents cavitation (vapor bubble formation).
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