Centrifugal pumps are the most common type of dynamic pump, widely used in industries like water supply, oil & gas, chemicals, and HVAC. They work by converting rotational energy (from a motor) into kinetic energy in the fluid, which is then converted into pressure energy.
Impeller Rotation: A rotating impeller transfers energy to the fluid, creating centrifugal force.
Fluid Movement: Liquid enters axially at the eye of the impeller and is thrown radially outward.
Pressure Build-Up: The volute casing or diffuser converts kinetic energy into pressure.
Key Formula:
Head (H)=2gv2(where v=velocity, g=gravity)
| Component | Function |
|---|---|
| Impeller | Rotating blades that accelerate fluid (open, semi-open, or closed). |
| Casing (Volute/Diffuser) | Converts kinetic energy to pressure. |
| Shaft | Transmits motor torque to the impeller. |
| Bearings | Support the shaft and reduce friction. |
| Seals (Mechanical/Gland) | Prevent leakage (packing or mechanical seals). |
| Coupling | Connects pump to motor. |
| Type | Description | Application |
|---|---|---|
| Single-Stage | One impeller | Low-to-medium pressure (water supply) |
| Multi-Stage | Multiple impellers in series | High-pressure (boiler feed, oil pipelines) |
| Axial Split-Case | Horizontal split for easy maintenance | Large water systems |
| End-Suction | Simple, compact design | HVAC, industrial fluids |
| Self-Priming | Can evacuate air from suction line | Drainage, sewage |
Shows Head (H) vs. Flow Rate (Q).
Head decreases as flow increases.
Best Efficiency Point (BEP) = Optimal performance.
Brake Horsepower (BHP) = Power required by pump.
Efficiency = (Hydraulic Power / Input Power) × 100%.
Flow (Q) ∝ Speed (N)
Head (H) ∝ N²
Power (P) ∝ N³
| Problem | Cause | Solution |
|---|---|---|
| Cavitation | Low NPSH, high vapor pressure | Increase suction pressure, reduce speed |
| Overheating | Low flow, dry running | Ensure proper flow, check seals |
| Vibration | Misalignment, impeller imbalance | Align pump-motor, balance impeller |
| Low Flow | Clogged impeller, closed valve | Clean impeller, check valves |
| Seal Leakage | Worn seal, improper installation | Replace seal, realign |
✔ Water Supply & Irrigation
✔ Oil Refineries & Chemical Plants
✔ HVAC Systems (Chillers, Cooling Towers)
✔ Fire Protection Systems
✔ Wastewater Treatment
Flow Rate (Q) – Required liquid volume (m³/h, GPM).
Head (H) – Pressure needed (meters, feet, psi).
Fluid Type – Viscosity, corrosiveness, solids content.
Material – Cast iron, stainless steel, or specialty alloys.
Motor Compatibility – Power (kW/HP), speed (RPM).
Centrifugal pumps are versatile, efficient, and widely used for liquid transfer. Proper selection, installation, and maintenance ensure long service life and optimal performance.
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