Centrifugal pumps are the most common type of dynamic pump, used to move liquids by converting rotational energy (from an impeller) into hydrodynamic flow and pressure. They are widely used in industries like water supply, oil & gas, chemical processing, HVAC, and wastewater treatment due to their simple design, high efficiency, and smooth flow output.
Centrifugal pumps work on the principle of centrifugal force:
Impeller Rotation: A motor spins the impeller, accelerating the fluid outward.
Kinetic Energy Transfer: The fluid gains velocity as it moves along the impeller vanes.
Pressure Conversion: The pump casing (volute or diffuser) slows the fluid, converting kinetic energy into pressure.
Discharge: The high-pressure fluid exits through the discharge nozzle.
Key Terms:
Flow Rate (Q): Volume of liquid moved per unit time (m³/h, GPM).
Head (H): Energy added to the fluid (measured in meters or feet).
Efficiency (η): Ratio of useful hydraulic power to input power (typically 60-85%).
NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head): Ensures the pump doesn’t cavitate.
| Part | Function |
|---|---|
| Impeller | Rotating blades that transfer energy to the fluid (can be open, closed, or semi-open). |
| Casing | Encloses the impeller, guides flow, and converts kinetic energy to pressure (volute or diffuser type). |
| Shaft | Connects the motor to the impeller. |
| Bearings | Support the shaft and reduce friction. |
| Seals | Prevent leakage (mechanical seals or packing glands). |
| Suction & Discharge Ports | Entry and exit points for the fluid. |
| Type | Description | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Single-Stage | One impeller, simple design. | Water supply, irrigation. |
| Multi-Stage | Multiple impellers for high pressure. | Boiler feed, high-pressure pipelines. |
| Submersible | Sealed motor, operates underwater. | Sewage, deep wells. |
| Self-Priming | Can remove air and re-prime automatically. | Drainage, chemicals. |
| Axial Flow | High flow, low head (propeller-like). | Flood control, large-scale irrigation. |
✔ Pros:
Simple, compact design.
Smooth, non-pulsating flow.
Handles clean and slightly dirty liquids.
Low maintenance compared to PD pumps.
✖ Cons:
Not suitable for high-viscosity fluids (e.g., oils, sludge).
Requires priming (unless self-priming).
Efficiency drops at low flow rates.
Water Supply: Municipal, industrial, and agricultural use.
Oil & Gas: Crude transfer, refinery processes.
Chemical Industry: Acid, solvent, and corrosive liquid handling.
HVAC: Chilled water circulation.
Wastewater: Sewage and drainage systems.
Fluid Type (water, oil, slurry, corrosive chemicals).
Required Flow & Head.
NPSH Availability (to prevent cavitation).
Material Compatibility (cast iron, stainless steel, plastic).
Efficiency & Power Consumption.
Centrifugal pumps are versatile, efficient, and widely used for liquid transport in various industries. Understanding their working principle, types, and selection criteria helps in choosing the right pump for your application.
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